My Viet Nam Story Oral History Project at UC Irvine
Hồng Quốc Tuấn was born on September 23rd, 1949 in Sài Gòn, Vietnam. In his early life, he relocated to Bá Xuyên where he and his family resided until they immigrated to the United States. Only receiving an education up to the twelfth grade, Tuấn, received a draft letter for the Army of the Republic of Vietnam. He was only 18 years-old at the time. By then, he had already met his wife (now ex-wife) and had one child. From 1967-1975, he served as a part of the 21st Infantry unit in the 31st Regiment. He was eventually promoted to the title of First Lieutenant, becoming a company commander for over 50 troops at a time. He fought to the end of the war and became a prisoner of war in a reeducation camp in Bá Xuyên. After five years of imprisonment, he was released and thrust into abject poverty. His wife, three sons, and two daughters, were constantly split up living between a hut provided by the New Economic Zone program and his grandmother’s house in Bá Xuyên. He lived in poverty from 1980-1992 before immigrating to San Jose California through sponsorship under the Humanities Operations program (HO). He worked local jobs in the area before splitting with his family and starting a new life with a different partner. From his devout pro-American political views to his decision to leave the Hồng family, Tuấn’s life has been forever changed by the trauma of war and poverty. His decisions still see lasting impacts on our family today.
Hồng Quốc Tuấn grew up in the province of Bá Xuyên. As the son of a police chief and a stay-at-home mother, Tuấn lived alongside nine other siblings as the eldest. During his childhood, daily life was normal. In fact, Tuấn mentions repeatedly that he has nothing to say about his uneventful youth. He attended Hoàng Diệu high school located in present day Sóc Trăng. A negligent student, he would often forsake his studies to hangout with friends. In the eleventh grade, he took two baccaularete exams, passing the first and crucially failing the second. It was around this time that he met his wife (now ex-wife) Huỳnh Ngọc Đại while she attended a neighboring high school. At 17 years-old, he had their first child, Thắng Hồng with her. Soon after in 1967, he received a draft letter from the Army of the Republic of Vietnam and without future career efforts, he accepted. This marks the beginning of separation between father and family.
Tuấn points at a picture of himself as a child. The photo shows his father overlooking his ten children. Photo provided by Tuấn. Shot by Kane Hong.
Tuấn during his adolescent years. Many family members comment my resemblance to him.
Tuấn served as part of the 21st infantry unit and the 31st regiment. He possesses one bronze, one silver, and one gold star. For his initial training, he was stationed in Chương Thiện province. His training was rigorous and he underwent strict regimental routines. During his station, he was promoted to an officer role in which he oversaw a squadron of 15-20 troops. During his first operation in Chương Thiện, he was overwhelmed with confusion and a lack of preparedness. School and even training did not prepare him for the guerrilla tactics he encountered. He described the disarray as soldiers from the People's Army of Vietnam (PAVN) raced in and out of foliage, strategically evading combat. Commanding a squadron proved nearly impossible when also concerned with keeping himself alive.
By the time Tuấn became a company commander for the 21st infantry unit in the 1970s, American soldiers had largely retreated from Vietnam. He maintained contact with a few American advisors, often requesting various forms of air support. Advisors would be consulted for air strikes and medical evacuations by “Medivac” helicopters.
About the "Medivac" helicopter: The Medivac helicopter were deployed in April of 1962 as a solution to the harsh jungle terrain during the war. Not only did it provide a safe way for troops to receive medical aid without having to traverse dangerous terrain, it was also a fast service.
Tuấn espoused great patriotism for the South Vietnamese. He believed that he needed to resist with all his faculties against North Vietnamese encroachment. His view towards the Americans were cordial and respectful although he did not run into them often.
ARVN provided patriotic programming and propaganda to reinforce his beliefs. They would hire various singers to invigorate the forces and deter them defecting.
Photos of Tuấn's time in officer cadet training school in 1970. Left: Graduation uniform. Right: Cadet Uniform.
Map of IV Corp and its provinces. Tuấn was based in Chương Thiện and conducted operations in Bặc Liều, Kiên Giang, and Cần Thơ.
Tuấn was afforded 15 days of military leave a year. In the case of a family emergency, “special leave” requests would be permitted as well. During his leave, he went back to visit his family. It was then that he would have four other children. He described this time as a time of elation where he would go out drinking with his friends and family. However, there was a looming responsibility to return to the battlefield. Tuấn believed in the alleged freedom gained from an American and Republic of Vietnam victory. More so, he loved his country and regarded the Americans highly. His sense of responsibility greatly differed from many of those he knew that deserted the war.
When he arrived home, his children could not recognize him. He recalled a moment when he was in the living room conversing with his wife when his two year-old daughter, Liểu, ran over and began kicking at his shin. She had thought a stranger had entered their home.
What Happens During Tết?
Tết celebrations were hosted in the rice fields. Soldiers would enjoy small delicacies like wine and “Mứt Tết”, a variety of Vietnamese sweet candies. Tuấn mentioned that some years, a singer would come Singers were invited to relax the troops. Military demonstrations were done to instill nationalism in the soldiers
Tuấn was ready to fight to the bitter end. He was stationed on the Mekong when he heard his higher commanders order a surrender. While many of his companions celebrated the defeat as it meant they would be going home, he knew that an ARVN defeat meant abject poverty.
After 1975, Tuấn was imprisoned in the C30 Communist Reeducation Camp in Sóc Trăng and was not released until 1980. At the camp, he was fed salt and rice and kept barely alive.
Tuấn and his ex-wife, Đại, hold their son, Hai. Tuấn is in his military uniform.
Report of the closure of picture taken from Sóc Trăng prison camp. Picture from Library of Congress.
After he left the reeducation camp, he returned to Sóc Trăng where he and his family split up with a couple staying in the city while the others moved to the Communist built New Economic Zone. When poverty was so severe, Tuấn and his children packed their belongings and left the New Economic Zone and back to Sóc Trăng. It was during this time that Tuấn shared two personal stories. When he arrived home, his son, Chiến (my father), had fainted on his way home from school because he was hungry. At the time, Chiến was staying with his grandmother and she had fallen asleep. He was unconscious for hours before he was found by his relatives. In another event, his youngest son, Tăm, was walking with him to a food stall and was craving a particular Vietnamese soup called Hủ Tiếu. Tuấn could not afford it and had to lie to him that he would get it soon for him. He felt incredibly guilty that day. It was one of the few genuine emotions he expressed in the interview. From there, he and his wife worked various farming jobs to sustain the family although it yielded little. They rolled a small coffee stand during the early morning on a street corner as a main source of income. They earned next to nothing but it was enough to purchase a few cups of rice to survive for the day.
After 1975, Tuấn was imprisoned in the C30 Communist Reeducation Camp in Sóc Trăng and was not released until 1980. At the camp, he was fed salt and rice and kept barely alive.
Đại Ngộc Huỳnh and her children pose in front of a commerical photographer for a family picture in 1973. During the time of this picture, Tuấn is serving in the ARVN.
Top: Video taken by Tuấn's brother, Dũng Hồng. It shows Tuấn and his adult son, Thắng Hồng, eating with other family members during the Thanksgiving of 1995. They lived in a two bedroom apartment in Downtown San Jose, California.
Bottom: Tuấn Hồng taken after graduation at Mission College in San Jose, California. He majored in Social Science.
IMMIGRATION: FOUND & MISSING
Leading up to 1992, the Humanitarian Operations Program by the United Nations Refugee Agency opened immigration applications for prisoners of war. Tuấn, alongside his father who also went to a reeducation camp, applied to have their direct families sponsored for immigration. As long as the individual has a physical copy of their prisoner documents, they are eligible to have their immediate family sponsored. With the help of his father, Tuấn was able to take his immediate and extended family with him. He recalled the day he arrived at the airport. There were many families in the neighborhood that he recognized. The environment was filled with excitement. He carried his youngest son, Tăm, on his shoulders as they checked in. The family did not bring much, just the clothes on their backs and small belongings. They settled in a two bedroom apartment subsidized by Section 8 Housing in San Jose California. There were eight people living in the apartment.
Tuấn attended Mission College and received an associates degree in Social Science. He worked as a newspaper delivery man before retiring and divorcing his wife. He cut off all contact with his children. To this day, none of them know where he lives. He now lives with his new partner in San Jose.
Before embarking on this project, I had never formally met my grandfather. He had left my family before I was old enough to remember a thing. He always seemed like an enigma to me -- some ghost of the past that remained locked in our family's collective memory. My father, Chiến Hồng, was Tuấn's second son and yet, he refrained to speak of him. Whenever I asked about my grandfather's whereabouts, he would say, "I'll tell you when you older." I never wanted to press further. Therefore, I grew up only knowing my grandfather as a myth. This project was an attempt to discover who Tuấn really was and my heritage. After all of it, I've come to realize that my father was right to have refrained from telling me.
Working on this project as a team, my cousin, brother, and I were the first in the family to know where exactly our grandfather resided. Not his ex-wife. Not even his five children. If I hadn't taken the initiative to reconnect with him, he might as well have gone missing forever. After spending a weekend of reconnecting and interviewing, I've come to realize that Tuấn is a man entirely defined by the Vietnam War. He wears his military hat daily, espouses South Vietnamese political views, and loves to talk about his war experience. During the interview he would often speed past all my preliminary questions to begin talking about the war. I believe my willingness to listen to him, validated his experiences. It is clear that the war and the extreme poverty that his family was subjected to changed him forever.
Trauma followed him throughout his life and influenced every decision he made. It influenced him to flee the country through the Humanities Operations program, it influenced his desire to pursue an associates degree in Social Sciences, and crucially, it rendered him incapable of emotionally communicating with his family. In a life altering decision, he decided to divorce his wife and sever all contact with his children. In the interview, he stated having some arguments with my grandmother, but overall, he simply wanted to run away from his life. He was bored and tired of his family. This decision alone, in my opinion, transmitted his internal trauma on to the rest of his family. Like a contagious disease, that trauma spread across his children leaving them confused and marred with grief. Instead of uniting together, they all went their separate paths. My father worked tirelessly as a barber, alone. His brothers and sisters married and took up separate jobs. They all had children and vowed to give them the life that they could not have. Before the interview, I asked my father if he had any regrets regarding the family. He said that he wished his father sacrificed more after they immigrated to San Jose. He wished that he took stronger leadership in the family and opened everyone up to talk about their feelings and grievances. If every member pooled their resources together to help one another, they could have all been better off for it. Instead, everyone took their separate paths and all collectively suffered. In the end, the war rendered my family incapable of talking to each other.
The topic of my grandfather never reaches family discussion. It is a shunned topic and, after many years, I was the one to open it again. Our missing grandfather was an open wound that never properly healed and I witnessed it first-hand. The day after my interview, my entire family came over for dinner to celebrate my return. I told them about what I had done and the conversation quickly escalated into open arguments with each other. Brothers and sisters were fighting back and forth. My own mother and father were even arguing with each other. All the while, my grandmother sat quietly, in pain. Her silence was loud and clear. Out of everyone in the family, she was the one that hurt the most.
I spent three days in San Jose interviewing my grandfather. Every night, I was on the verge of tears. I was angry at my grandfather for what he had done to us. I was angry that I had to be the one to uncover and process all of this trauma. It was as if trauma was an electrical cord. The current was the war that traveled across the brass wire, passing the pain along from family member to family member, until it got to me: the two metal prongs. At the end of the day, I don't regret the journey that I went through. Despite my feeling about my grandfather, I understand that he was a flawed man. He is currently living happily with a different partner and our family is thriving. At the very least, future members of the Hồng family will know the answers to who our grandfather really was. I can live with that.
2026:
I'm returning to this reflection and distinguishing the passage of time because I believe I have achieved enough distance from the project to provide one crucial retrospective. In the original conception of this page, I provided a subtitle: "Threads of Trauma". I no longer resonate with this title, it implies that trauma continues through me. I've come to realize much of my anguish towards the interview came from uncovering my lack of agency. I believed I was forced to carry on a burden I did not ask for and that I was helpless to change it. I've since come to realize why I am the two metal prongs in this long drawn out story. I am meant to discharge it -- expose it at its core and recontextualize it into something that our future family can learn and grow from.
Since then, I inquired more about my heritage. I have sought advice and perspectives from friends, teachers, and contemporaries. Most importantly, I have since visited Vietnam and gained access to people and histories I had never known. I know now that I am a storyteller and filmmaker. And these are the type of stories I am meant to tell.
During Christmas 2025, I returned home to find that my grandfather had moved out of that apartment and gone missing again. Once more, he has absolved himself. Once more, he has chosen to be ephemeral. Perhaps I will not see him until his funeral. And so, I did in fact find Tuấn and I, too, am choosing to let him go. After all, his story is over and he will remain a myth to tell.
A collection of pictures from the interviews my brother, cousin, and I conducted.
Neustadt, Richard E., et al. Americanizing the Vietnam War. Kennedy School of Government, 1983.
“Battlefield: Vietnam | Guerrilla Tactics.” PBS, Public Broadcasting Service, www.pbs.org/battlefieldvietnam/guerrilla/. Accessed 10 Feb. 2024.
United States, Central Intelligence Agency, Intelligence and Reporting Subcommittee of the Interagency Vietnam Coordinating Committee, The Situation in Vietnam. 17 March 1965, https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP79T00472A001700030003-8.pdf. Accessed 8 February 2024
United States, Central Intelligence Agency, Intelligence and Reporting Subcommittee of the Interagency Vietnam Coordinating Committee, The Situation in Vietnam. 2 April 1965, https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP79T00472A001700040001-9.pdf. Accessed 8 February 2024
Ellison , Richard. “GBH Openvault.” Vietnam: A Television History; Steven Shepley - Province Representative - Ba Xuyen Province - South Vietnam, openvault.wgbh.org/catalog/V_4457CCD6CD284D5FB3C217ECBE557FE0. Accessed 10 Feb. 2024.
Quang, Truong Ngo. “The Easter Offensive of 1972.” Web.archive.org, web.archive.org/web/20200813062844/apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a324505.pdf. Accessed 22 Mar. 2024.
History.com Editors. “U.S. Withdraws from Vietnam.” History, 29 Mar. 2019, www.history.com/this-day-in-history/u-s-withdraws-from-vietnam.
“The Vietnam Center and Sam Johnson Vietnam Archive: Dustoff / Medevac Resources.” Ttu.edu, 2011, www.vietnam.ttu.edu/resources/dustoff/.
Lam, Tran Dinh. "Economic reform and sustainable development in Vietnam." Sustainable Development Goals in Southeast Asia and ASEAN. Brill, 2018. 283-305.
Chandola, Harish. "New economic zones." Economic and Political Weekly (1977): 83-85.
Title: Hồng is Missing: A Retrospective on War, Trauma, and Heritage
Birthdate: September 23rd, 1949
Interviewee: Hồng Quốc Tuấn
Interviewers: Kane Lê Hồng, Ryan Lê Hồng, Kim Ngô
Date Created: February 19th, 2024
Interview Duration: 2:23:35
Interview Language: English and Vietnamese
Full Interview: https://drive.google.com/file/d/1MGv2-ri5ITkcrln3G_e7eMPr_m_bItZj/view?usp=sharing
Time Log: https://docs.google.com/document/d/1ipxBb0Fb2OHYp-oR2J3VmEvdxAjI7XjM0z9-IRIM9sw/edit?tab=t.0
Transcript: https://docs.google.com/document/d/11nPktnEx4NpgKmLRR8Hht41NS-0AcdznYO5i8ApdWCw/edit?tab=t.0